The phage (BOD incubator) must infect the appropriate (homologous) host cells, and the phage is highly specific. Generally, it can only infect one species and cannot infect other species, but it is easy to multiply in different subspecies, such as Lactococcus lactis. Species (milk subspecies, subspecies of milk and sub-type diacetyl) and two subspecies of Lactobacillus delbrueckii (ie subspecies of Bulgaria and subspecies). The first step in phage infection is adsorption to the host cell, requiring specific recognition between the phage binding receptor protein (receptor_hlnding protcln,: RBI:,) and the host cell receptor. So a better understanding of this mechanism can increase the likelihood of preventing phage infection.
Bacterial (BOD incubator) receptors have been well studied in Gram-negative bacteria. The phage infected with E. coli recognizes a specific protein of lipopolysaccharide or outer membrane. For example, x phage initially interacts reversibly with bacterial cells. It then interacts irreversibly with the outer membrane protein LanlH to promote the diffusion of maltose into the cells. T5 begins to reversibly bind to the polymannose O antigen in the lipopolysaccharide of E. coli with a slightly more complicated mechanism and then irreversibly binds to the femchrome transporter FhuA. Finally, T4 phage reversibly binds type B lipopolysaccharide or outer membrane porin (p.rIn) Ompc with long tail silk, and then the short tail silk irreversibly binds to the lipopolysaccharide core region.
The cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria consists mainly of thick peptidoglycan and various protein components, and various auxiliary polymers such as polysaccharides, muramic acid. There is little information on Gram-positive bacteriophage receptors, but phage infected with Lactococcus lactis appear to initially bind to cell wall surface specific carbohydrate receptors. For many phages, this combination is reversible.
Rhamnose, galactose, and glucose are often involved in the initial binding of phage, as illustrated by the ability of these monosaccharides to competitively inhibit the adsorption of several phages to the cell surface. Streptococcus faecalis ph7 has been shown to bind to other carbohydrates such as glucosamine and galactosamine. For c2 phage (BOD incubator), the second step requires irreversible binding to phage infection proteln (PIP). Most of the phage in the 936, P335 and 949 classes did not use PIP as the second receptor, the only exception being the skl phage in 936.
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