The activity of the cell membrane transport system is very important for maintaining the intracellular pH balance, maintaining the cell's osmotic potential, nutrient absorption, and removing poisons from cell metabolism. At present, electrophysiology and molecular genetics have explained the sensing process and signal transduction pathway of plasma membrane transporters in response to environmental factors. Changes in plasma membrane potential and ion current are the earliest events in which cells respond to temperature, hormones, penetration, and mechanical stimuli. These changes are closely related to bacterial activity. However, little is known about how bacteria feel the environment and the adaptation process of cell membranes to the environment. Since 2001, non-damage micro-testing technology was first applied to the study of bacterial cell membrane transport process, and has accumulated a lot of information. In recent years, non-invasive micro-testing techniques have become very popular in the study of the adaptability of animals, plants, fungi, and bacteria to the environment. This article summarizes these findings and discusses the non-invasive microtesting technique in studying the adaptive response of bacteria to the environment. First, the methodology of the application of this new technology in microorganisms is discussed, and then several examples (typical studies) are described. Finally, the response of membrane transport activity to different stresses (acid, osmosis, and temperature) and the changes in flow rate are used as functional indicators of bacterial growth period and nutrient utilization. The ion current measured by non-damaging micro-measurement technology may provide many conceptual advances in our understanding of the applicability of bacteria, fungi, and biofilms to different environmental conditions. This technique can be used to quickly evaluate food processing, reduce bacterial contamination of food, and develop strategies to evaluate the resistance of organisms to antibacterial agents. Non-invasive micro-measurement technology is an ideal tool for the transformation of structural genomics to functional genomics. Keywords: bacteria, biofilm, ion current, stress, adaptability, non-invasive micro-measurement technology Reference: Lana Shabala et al. FEMS Microbiol Rev 30 (2006) 472 – 486
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