In October 2015, Xi Da visited the famous Imperial College of Science and Technology during his visit to the UK, and received a special gift from Professor Yang Guangzhong, a special piece of Chinese Great Wall printed on a square piece of silicon, only 100 microns long. This magical technology is two-photon 3D printing technology , using materials as photosensitive materials. Listening to the distance from ordinary people, right? In fact, China leads the world in two-photon 3D printing technology. It is understood that the Chinese Academy of Sciences has carried out research in the field of two-photon 3D printing for more than ten years, and has achieved a series of research results.
Two-photon polymerization (TPP), known as two-photon laser direct writing technology, two-photon polymerization photocuring forming technology. Common 3D printers work in layers, and the precision between layers is very limited. There is a so-called "step effect." This makes it difficult for 3D printers to manufacture low-roughness, high-precision devices such as various optical components, micro-nano-scale structural devices, and the like. The emergence of two-photon 3D printing technology is expected to solve this problem perfectly.
General Secretary Xi Jinping received the 3D Print Great Wall (length 100 microns) at the Royal College of London
In order to help people better understand this technology, we must first know what is called "two-photon absorption effect." SLA / DLP or PolyJet technology uses single-photon polymerization, which absorbs a photon as a basic unit, only once. Can pass a photon. But in fact, in rare cases, due to the existence of a special energy level transition mode in the material, there are also cases where two photons are simultaneously absorbed. This is the "two-photon absorption effect". However, the conditions for two-photon absorption are very demanding, requiring specific substances and extremely high energy densities. Only at the center of the highly focused laser will there be a sufficiently high irradiance to ensure that two photons are simultaneously absorbed.
Comparison of single photon polymerization (left) and two-photon polymerization (right) (Source: Antarctic Bear)
Schematic diagram of TPP two-photon 3D printing technology (Source: Antarctic Bear)
Utilizing TPP two-photon 3D printing technology, printing accuracy can reach nanometer level. By focusing the laser in the photosensitive resin, the computer controls the moving nano-scale precision mobile station, and the position of the focus passes, the photosensitive resin is denatured and solidified, so that a three-dimensional object of any shape can be printed. Since the curing of two-photon polymerization occurs only in the center of the laser-focused photosensitive resin tank, rather than in the resin bath level or the bottom of the resin tank like SLA/DLP, the 3D printer using TPP technology does not need to print the part from the resin. The bottom of the groove is peeled off, and there is no need to install a doctor blade to coat the liquid surface of the photosensitive resin.
TPP two-photon 3D printer (Source: Antarctic Bear)
TPP technology is the most accurate 3D printing technology on the market today. TPP technology is widely used in micro-optics, microelectronics, microfluidics, micro-devices, etc. It provides 3D printing practitioners and scientists with a powerful solution to design and process a wide range of micro-nano structures.
The most typical application of TPP technology is in the field of scientific research.
The unit structure of Photonic Crystal is extremely small and it is very difficult to process. This periodic arrangement of micro-nano structures can be easily processed using TPP technology.
Three-dimensional photonic crystal processed by TPP technology
Endoscopes processed by scientists using TPP technology at the top of the fiber
TPP technology is also used in the art field. In 2014, artist Jonty Hurwitz collaborated with scientists from the Weitzmann Institute of Science to create the world's smallest sculpture on a needle using TPP technology.
Sculptures printed using TPP technology
The following picture shows the micro-nano sculptures processed by TPP technology.
Taj model produced by two-photon 3D printing technology
F1 racing car made by two-photon 3D printing technology
Brandenburg Gate model made with TPP technology
Statue of Liberty made by two-photon 3D printing technology
Master Yoda
Although the two-photon laser direct writing technology has great advantages in the field of micro-nano-scale processing, it is not completely flawless. Similar to film-receiving images, TPP's photosensitive materials require development and fixing processes to fix printed 3D objects, making the process more cumbersome.
As can be seen from the above description, the key to the success of this technology depends largely on the nano-precision mobile station, so the motion system is extremely sophisticated and expensive. The following figure shows the basic configuration of a typical two-photon direct-write instrument. From software to hardware, it needs to be perfectly matched, so it is often expensive.
Typical TPP printing system basic configuration (Source: Antarctic Bear)
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