Ammunition is a flammable and explosive dangerous material. In addition to the prevention of water, ultraviolet rays, mold, insects and airborne water vapor, oxygen, sulfur dioxide, salt and other harmful substances in the transport and storage, To prevent static electricity, electromagnetic and vibration hazards. How to improve ammunition packaging to meet the basic requirements for ammunition transportation, storage and use is an urgent task for ammunition packaging researchers. Foreign military forces, especially the U.S. military, have relatively early research and packaging, advanced technologies, and packaging materials and packaging technologies that meet the above requirements. Their experience and technology are worthy of our military’s reference. The following describes the characteristics and development trends of foreign ammunition packaging.
1 Characteristics of Ammunition Packaging for Foreign Armed Forces 1.1 Improvement of the Management System The ammunition packaging management system in the developed countries of the munitions industry in the world is relatively complete. For example, the United States Armed Forces Logistics Command has set up a joint packaging technical coordination group (JTCG/PKG) responsible for packaging of the three armed forces. The technical coordination also established a military packaging technical school to provide technical training for all personnel engaged in military packaging; in the case of ammunition packaging, the Task Force of Packaging and Storage (PPTG), which belongs to the JCAP, is responsible for the ammunition packaging. Packaging technology coordination of conventional ammunition for the three armed forces. The Ministry of Defense of the British Army has set up a Central Packaging Department (CPU) responsible for the management of military packaging standards and packaging design and adjustment. The CPU performs its duties through the following activities:
(1) management of packaging design and technical approval of packaging products;
(2) standard formulation and interpretation of packaging materials and technical methods;
(3) Management of environmental testing equipment and training centers;
(4) Back-up and monitoring of internal and external research.
1.2 Standard Packaging Standards for Ammunition Packaging After research, the foreign military started earlier in this respect and has considered this issue as the center of packaging research for decades. Taking the U.S. Army as an example, the U.S. military began systematic research on ammunition packaging from the 40s and developed a series of packaging technology standards. For example, the packaging method “MIL-P-116†lays the foundation for the subsequent development of packaging. Developed standards such as “MIL-STD-1367†system/equipment packaging, handling, storage, and transportation requirements. “MIL-STD-1319†impacted transportability and item characteristics of packaging and handling equipment design, “FED- STD-102" sealed protective inner packaging and outer packaging grade, these standards from the macro control of the equipment's protective packaging requirements. They are related to several other major military standards that are already playing a role in technical guidance, such as "MIL-STD-794" equipment and parts packaging and internal packaging, "FED-STD-101" packaging testing methods, "MIL-STD-810" environment The test methods, etc. cooperate with each other to form a strict standard system for the development, production, ordering, handling, storage, and transportation of military packaging on a macroscopic and microscopic scale.
1.3 Packaging materials and methods 1.3.1 Use of moisture-proof materials Use aluminum-plastic moisture-proof bags (sets) as inner packaging for small and medium-caliber cannonballs, missiles and torpedoes. The packaging method is used to evade production and heat sealing technology.
1.3.2 Using Flexible Packaging Envelope Technology The flexible packaging envelope technology can not only store piles of ammunition, missiles, and torpedoes, but also can seal large-scale military equipment such as aircrafts, tanks, electronic devices, radars, artillery, tanks, etc. in the open air. The envelope system is generally composed of a sealing system. , Drying system and relative humidity detection system. Compared with warehouse oil sealing and storage, envelope sealing has the following advantages: It can control the relative humidity within the envelope within 50% for a long time; it can be put into use quickly; with good economy, the storage cost can be reduced by 80%.
1.3.3 Static Dehumidification Technology and Corrosion Inhibitor Anti-Rust Technology Static dehumidification technology is to place silica gel, Montto soil, or molecular sieve to absorb moisture in the inner and outer packaging containers; corrosion inhibitor and rust prevention technology is to increase corrosion inhibitors in sealed packaging. The rust resistance of the package.
1.3.4 Using wire bundle wooden boxes instead of wooden boxes as outer packaging boxes In the United States, silk-packed wooden boxes are gradually replacing wooden boxes and are widely used as external packaging boxes for fuses, artillery shells, aerial bombs, and missiles. Compared with ordinary wooden boxes, wire bundle wooden boxes are light in weight, small in volume (not small in volume), good in performance, simple in structure, and easy to use. They save a lot of wood, transport costs and storage costs, and improve warehouses and transportation tools (cars, boats). And aircraft) space utilization.
1.3.5 Adoption of Containerized Packaging Technology, Integration of Packaging, Transportation, Storage, and Use In recent years, the U.S. military has assembled a ton of shells into a large container that can be easily opened and closed. The characteristics of multiple bombs, ease of use, and cost savings basically meet the three requirements of transportation, storage, and use. For the container transport system, the US military has done many tests since the 1970s and has made significant progress. For example, the U.S. military has about 7,600 ammunition containers of 200 tons of steel and its dimensions are 20 x 8 x 8 feet. The U.S. military ships 160 containers to Europe every 6 weeks. In 1981, the U.S. military used containers to transport 32,092 tons of ammunition to West Germany, which accounted for 28% of the total amount of ammunition shipped from the United States to West Germany that year.
1.3.6 Pallet Packaging for U.S. Ammunition The U.S. Army considers the pallets as a unit package for ammunition. In the process of storage and transportation, the pallets are the smallest operating unit. Whether they are small-volume fuzes or large-caliber ammunition, they are all realized. Tray assembly. The U.S. military ammunition trays have become the main method for the delivery of ammunition by the factory to various ammunition refueling stations, and the unit-combined pallets have been used directly as force ammunition overpacks and transport storage containers.
The U.S. military ammunition packaging is designed to shorten the time for picking up shots and improve the efficiency of the entire system. Improvements have been made to the pallet assembly (for example, 105 tank gun ammunition). The method of directly fetching bullets under the trays has become the new requirement for the design of ammunition packaging for the US military.
1.4 Computer technology has been widely used in the field of ammunition packaging to analyze and refine product information, packaging requirements, material properties, environmental conditions, transportation, loading and unloading requirements, etc., and to establish relevant correspondences and incorporate them into computers. Management is conducive to the realization of standardized design, data sharing can shorten the packaging development cycle and quickly obtain a variety of effective information, make ammunition package program scientifically, and rationally plan the number of seaborne or air transport containers, can also be coordinated with a higher level of satellite tracking management System, to achieve ammunition protection "full visibility."
1.5 Establish and improve the packaging testing and testing institutions as an integral part of military packaging - the establishment and improvement of packaging testing and testing institutions, providing an accurate scientific basis for the design of military packaging, but also making the acceptance of military packaging more objective .
2 Development Trend of Ammunition Packaging for Foreign Armies 2.1 Packaging Research and Ammunition Development and Improvement More Synchronous The purpose of ammunition packaging research is not only to ensure the storage reliability, maintainability, and testability of ammunition when it is not in operation. At the same time, the reliability, reusability, maintainability, and testability of the packaging itself have gradually gained attention.
2.2 Comprehensive protection capabilities of packaging will be further strengthened With the development of high-tech, the high-tech content of ammunition is also increasing. The ammunition integrated with machine, light, electricity, and chemical technology has higher combat performance, but it is also proposed for packaging. The new requirements, in the face of numerous environmental factors, require that packaging must be developed in the direction of multi-functional protection. The continuous deepening of new types of ammunition related to various factors makes the design of multi-functional protective packaging more scientific, more reasonable, and more practical. At the same time, the rapid development of new materials and their process technologies has led to a corresponding development of packaging technologies. Unresolved protection issues in the past have been solved with the emergence of new materials. Therefore, the development of materials science has injected new vitality into the development of packaging.
2.3 Advance Research to Adapt to the Rapid Reaction of the Troops To meet the rapid response of the troops, the U.S. military conducted a series of research and experiments on airborne ammunition packaging systems. Such as "ammunition packaging airdrop capacity" test, "40-foot safety drop test", etc., provided a scientific basis for the US military's large-scale airdrop airdrop.
2.4 Container Conveying System The method used to support the development of the US military with Jackie Chan is to combine loading and unloading operations with the research and development of supporting loading and unloading equipment; the connection of containers with transportation tools to develop vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers suitable for container transportation; under the decision of the “full-view visual†management system To the development of land, sea, and air combined transport, increase the resilience of logistical support, establish military-civilian-combination, military-equipped container transport forces suitable for combat readiness, and centralized logistics supply systems equipped with standard handling equipment and engineering procedures.
3 Conclusion In the developed countries of the military industry in the world, the United States has systematically and comprehensively studied the military packaging including ammunition packaging. Ammunition packaging has always occupied a key position in the military packaging of the US military and is in the technical field. Therefore, a careful study of the characteristics and development trend of ammunition packaging by the US military will help speed up the reform and development of ammunition packaging in China. (Ordnance Engineering College Gao Tingru, Fu Xiaozhong, Zhao Ming)
1 Characteristics of Ammunition Packaging for Foreign Armed Forces 1.1 Improvement of the Management System The ammunition packaging management system in the developed countries of the munitions industry in the world is relatively complete. For example, the United States Armed Forces Logistics Command has set up a joint packaging technical coordination group (JTCG/PKG) responsible for packaging of the three armed forces. The technical coordination also established a military packaging technical school to provide technical training for all personnel engaged in military packaging; in the case of ammunition packaging, the Task Force of Packaging and Storage (PPTG), which belongs to the JCAP, is responsible for the ammunition packaging. Packaging technology coordination of conventional ammunition for the three armed forces. The Ministry of Defense of the British Army has set up a Central Packaging Department (CPU) responsible for the management of military packaging standards and packaging design and adjustment. The CPU performs its duties through the following activities:
(1) management of packaging design and technical approval of packaging products;
(2) standard formulation and interpretation of packaging materials and technical methods;
(3) Management of environmental testing equipment and training centers;
(4) Back-up and monitoring of internal and external research.
1.2 Standard Packaging Standards for Ammunition Packaging After research, the foreign military started earlier in this respect and has considered this issue as the center of packaging research for decades. Taking the U.S. Army as an example, the U.S. military began systematic research on ammunition packaging from the 40s and developed a series of packaging technology standards. For example, the packaging method “MIL-P-116†lays the foundation for the subsequent development of packaging. Developed standards such as “MIL-STD-1367†system/equipment packaging, handling, storage, and transportation requirements. “MIL-STD-1319†impacted transportability and item characteristics of packaging and handling equipment design, “FED- STD-102" sealed protective inner packaging and outer packaging grade, these standards from the macro control of the equipment's protective packaging requirements. They are related to several other major military standards that are already playing a role in technical guidance, such as "MIL-STD-794" equipment and parts packaging and internal packaging, "FED-STD-101" packaging testing methods, "MIL-STD-810" environment The test methods, etc. cooperate with each other to form a strict standard system for the development, production, ordering, handling, storage, and transportation of military packaging on a macroscopic and microscopic scale.
1.3 Packaging materials and methods 1.3.1 Use of moisture-proof materials Use aluminum-plastic moisture-proof bags (sets) as inner packaging for small and medium-caliber cannonballs, missiles and torpedoes. The packaging method is used to evade production and heat sealing technology.
1.3.2 Using Flexible Packaging Envelope Technology The flexible packaging envelope technology can not only store piles of ammunition, missiles, and torpedoes, but also can seal large-scale military equipment such as aircrafts, tanks, electronic devices, radars, artillery, tanks, etc. in the open air. The envelope system is generally composed of a sealing system. , Drying system and relative humidity detection system. Compared with warehouse oil sealing and storage, envelope sealing has the following advantages: It can control the relative humidity within the envelope within 50% for a long time; it can be put into use quickly; with good economy, the storage cost can be reduced by 80%.
1.3.3 Static Dehumidification Technology and Corrosion Inhibitor Anti-Rust Technology Static dehumidification technology is to place silica gel, Montto soil, or molecular sieve to absorb moisture in the inner and outer packaging containers; corrosion inhibitor and rust prevention technology is to increase corrosion inhibitors in sealed packaging. The rust resistance of the package.
1.3.4 Using wire bundle wooden boxes instead of wooden boxes as outer packaging boxes In the United States, silk-packed wooden boxes are gradually replacing wooden boxes and are widely used as external packaging boxes for fuses, artillery shells, aerial bombs, and missiles. Compared with ordinary wooden boxes, wire bundle wooden boxes are light in weight, small in volume (not small in volume), good in performance, simple in structure, and easy to use. They save a lot of wood, transport costs and storage costs, and improve warehouses and transportation tools (cars, boats). And aircraft) space utilization.
1.3.5 Adoption of Containerized Packaging Technology, Integration of Packaging, Transportation, Storage, and Use In recent years, the U.S. military has assembled a ton of shells into a large container that can be easily opened and closed. The characteristics of multiple bombs, ease of use, and cost savings basically meet the three requirements of transportation, storage, and use. For the container transport system, the US military has done many tests since the 1970s and has made significant progress. For example, the U.S. military has about 7,600 ammunition containers of 200 tons of steel and its dimensions are 20 x 8 x 8 feet. The U.S. military ships 160 containers to Europe every 6 weeks. In 1981, the U.S. military used containers to transport 32,092 tons of ammunition to West Germany, which accounted for 28% of the total amount of ammunition shipped from the United States to West Germany that year.
1.3.6 Pallet Packaging for U.S. Ammunition The U.S. Army considers the pallets as a unit package for ammunition. In the process of storage and transportation, the pallets are the smallest operating unit. Whether they are small-volume fuzes or large-caliber ammunition, they are all realized. Tray assembly. The U.S. military ammunition trays have become the main method for the delivery of ammunition by the factory to various ammunition refueling stations, and the unit-combined pallets have been used directly as force ammunition overpacks and transport storage containers.
The U.S. military ammunition packaging is designed to shorten the time for picking up shots and improve the efficiency of the entire system. Improvements have been made to the pallet assembly (for example, 105 tank gun ammunition). The method of directly fetching bullets under the trays has become the new requirement for the design of ammunition packaging for the US military.
1.4 Computer technology has been widely used in the field of ammunition packaging to analyze and refine product information, packaging requirements, material properties, environmental conditions, transportation, loading and unloading requirements, etc., and to establish relevant correspondences and incorporate them into computers. Management is conducive to the realization of standardized design, data sharing can shorten the packaging development cycle and quickly obtain a variety of effective information, make ammunition package program scientifically, and rationally plan the number of seaborne or air transport containers, can also be coordinated with a higher level of satellite tracking management System, to achieve ammunition protection "full visibility."
1.5 Establish and improve the packaging testing and testing institutions as an integral part of military packaging - the establishment and improvement of packaging testing and testing institutions, providing an accurate scientific basis for the design of military packaging, but also making the acceptance of military packaging more objective .
2 Development Trend of Ammunition Packaging for Foreign Armies 2.1 Packaging Research and Ammunition Development and Improvement More Synchronous The purpose of ammunition packaging research is not only to ensure the storage reliability, maintainability, and testability of ammunition when it is not in operation. At the same time, the reliability, reusability, maintainability, and testability of the packaging itself have gradually gained attention.
2.2 Comprehensive protection capabilities of packaging will be further strengthened With the development of high-tech, the high-tech content of ammunition is also increasing. The ammunition integrated with machine, light, electricity, and chemical technology has higher combat performance, but it is also proposed for packaging. The new requirements, in the face of numerous environmental factors, require that packaging must be developed in the direction of multi-functional protection. The continuous deepening of new types of ammunition related to various factors makes the design of multi-functional protective packaging more scientific, more reasonable, and more practical. At the same time, the rapid development of new materials and their process technologies has led to a corresponding development of packaging technologies. Unresolved protection issues in the past have been solved with the emergence of new materials. Therefore, the development of materials science has injected new vitality into the development of packaging.
2.3 Advance Research to Adapt to the Rapid Reaction of the Troops To meet the rapid response of the troops, the U.S. military conducted a series of research and experiments on airborne ammunition packaging systems. Such as "ammunition packaging airdrop capacity" test, "40-foot safety drop test", etc., provided a scientific basis for the US military's large-scale airdrop airdrop.
2.4 Container Conveying System The method used to support the development of the US military with Jackie Chan is to combine loading and unloading operations with the research and development of supporting loading and unloading equipment; the connection of containers with transportation tools to develop vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers suitable for container transportation; under the decision of the “full-view visual†management system To the development of land, sea, and air combined transport, increase the resilience of logistical support, establish military-civilian-combination, military-equipped container transport forces suitable for combat readiness, and centralized logistics supply systems equipped with standard handling equipment and engineering procedures.
3 Conclusion In the developed countries of the military industry in the world, the United States has systematically and comprehensively studied the military packaging including ammunition packaging. Ammunition packaging has always occupied a key position in the military packaging of the US military and is in the technical field. Therefore, a careful study of the characteristics and development trend of ammunition packaging by the US military will help speed up the reform and development of ammunition packaging in China. (Ordnance Engineering College Gao Tingru, Fu Xiaozhong, Zhao Ming)
Children Play Equipment,Wooden Play Sets,Outdoor Playground Equipment,Playground Exercise Equipment
Liben Group Toy Co., Ltd. , http://www.zjplayground.com